Click below for a FREE LESSON! The importance of accounting for such policy heterogeneity will depend on the extent to which different types of firearms are substitutes and the marginal effect of requiring an additional day or days of delay before transfer can occur. Piscopo, Kathryn, Rachel N. Lipari, Jennifer Cooney, and Christie Galsheen, Piza, E. L., J. M. Caplan, L. W. Kennedy, and A. M. Gilchrist, The Effects of Merging Proactive CCTV Monitoring with Directed Police Patrol: A Randomized Controlled Trial,, Pizarro, Jesenia M., and April M. Zeoli, An Assessment of the Quality of Homicide Data in the Supplementary Homicide Reports: A Research Note,, Plassmann, Florenz, and T. Nicolaus Tideman, Does the Right to Carry Concealed Handguns Deter Countable Crimes? How to Buy a Gun in Ohio (2022 UPDATED) Don't Miss Out - Lunde Studio Kurtzleben, Danielle, Fact Check: Are Gun-Makers Totally Free of Liability for Their Behavior? NPR, October 6, 2015. An Empirical Investigation, 19862010,, Brenan, Megan, Most U.S. Teachers Oppose Carrying Guns in Schools,, Brent, D. A., M. Baugher, J. Bridge, T. H. Chen, and L. Chiappetta, Suicide in Affectively Ill Adolescents: A Case-Control Study,, Brent, D. A., M. Baugher, J. Bridge, T. H. Chen, and L. Chiappetta, Age- and Sex-Related Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide,, Brent, D. A., J. guns & Ann. Birckmayer, J., and D. Hemenway, Suicide and Firearm Prevalence: Are Youth Disproportionately Affected?, Black, Dan A., and Daniel S. Nagin, Do Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime?, Blair, Janet M., Katherine A. Fowler, Shane P. D. Jack, and Alexander E. Crosby, The National Violent Death Reporting System: Overview and Future Directions,. Jones, Edward D., III, The District of Columbias Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975: The Toughest Handgun Control Law in the United Statesor Is It?, Jonson, Cheryl Lero, Alexander L. Burton, Francis T. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett, and Velmer S. Burton, Jr., An Apple in One Hand, a Gun in the Other: Public Support for Arming Our Nations Schools,, Joossens, Luk, and Martin Raw, From Cigarette Smuggling to Illicit Tobacco Trade,, Joshi, M., and S. B. Sorenson, Intimate Partner Violence at the Scene: Incident Characteristics and Implications for Public Health Surveillance,, Juodis, Marcus, Andrew Starzomski, Stephen Porter, and Michael Woodworth, A Comparison of Domestic and Non-Domestic Homicides: Further Evidence for Distinct Dynamics and Heterogeneity of Domestic Homicide Perpetrators,, Kafka, Julie M., Kathryn E. Moracco, Deanna S. Williams, and Claire G. Hoffman, Disarming Abusers: Domestic Violence Protective Order (DVPO) Firearm Restriction Processes and Dispositions,, Kagawa, Rose M. C., Alvaro Castillo-Carniglia, Jon S. Vernick, Daniel Webster, Cassandra Crifasi, Kara E. Rudolph, Magdalena Cerd, Aaron Shev, and Garen J. Wintemute, Repeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide,. Van Dorn, K. L. Johnson, K. J. Grimm, K. S. Douglas, and M. S. Swartz, Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults with Mental Illness,, Dezhbakhsh, Hashem, and Paul H. Rubin, Lives Saved or Lives Lost? Now go out and pew pew! God love the state of Ohio. Snyder, L. B., and M. A. Hamilton, A Meta-Analysis of U.S. Health Campaign Effects on Behavior: Emphasize Enforcement, Exposure, and New Information, and Beware the Secular Trend, in R. C. Hornik, ed., Sokol, Rebeccah Lyn, Carissa Schmidt, Alison L. Miller, Maureen A. Walton, Marc Zimmerman, Kenneth Resnicow, Rebecca M. Cunningham, and Patrick M. Carter, Motivations for Firearm Possession and Storage Practices Among Urban Young Adults: Differences Between Parents and Non-Parents,, Sorenson, Susan B., Guns in Intimate Partner Violence: Comparing Incidents by Type of Weapon,, Sorenson, Susan B., and Rebecca A. Schut, Nonfatal Gun Use in Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of the Literature,, Spicer, R. S., and T. R. Miller, Suicide Acts in 8 States: Incidence and Case Fatality Rates by Demographics and Method,, Spitzer, Robert J., Gun Law History in the United States and Second Amendment Rights,, Stallworth, Leo, LAPD Launches Buyback Program Aimed at Getting Ghost Guns off Streets,. 2C:58-2a(5)(a); Wash. Rev. Contact us. While it is plausible that this cooling-off period could reduce impulsive interpersonal gun violence, some evidence exists for the potential effects of this mechanism in reducing suicides. Also, be advised that using assault weapons like machine guns and large-capacity firearms is prohibited unless you belong in law enforcement and military service. If you need an attorney, find one right now. Is There a Waiting Period to Buy a Gun in Ohio? Weve built dozens of ARs and well cover all the best AR-15 upgrades such as handguards, triggers, BCGs, gas blocks, and more. McDowall, D., and B. Wiersema, The Incidence of Defensive Firearm Use by U.S. Crime Victims, 1987 Through 1990,, McFarlane, J., J. C. Campbell, S. Wilt, C. Sachs, Y. Ulrich, and X. Xu, Stalking and Intimate Partner Femicide,, McGarrell, E. F., Research Foundations and Implications for Practice,, McGarrell, E. F., N. Corsaro, N. K. Hipple, and T. S. Bynum, Project Safe Neighborhoods and Violent Crime Trends in US Cities: Assessing Violent Crime Impact,, McGee, K. S., T. Coyne-Beasley, and R. M. Johnson, Review of Evaluations of Educational Approaches to Promote Safe Storage of Firearms,, McGinty, Emma E., Alene Kennedy-Hendricks, Seema Choksy, and Colleen L. Barry, Trends in News Media Coverage of Mental Illness in the United States: 19952014,, McGinty, E. E., D. W. Webster, M. Jarlenski, and C. L. Barry, News Media Framing of Serious Mental Illness and Gun Violence in the United States,, McGuire, Margaret, Mariann Manno, Allison Rook, Louise Maranda, Elizabeth Renaud, Anthony DeRoss, and Michael Hirsh, Goods for GunsThe Use of a Gun Buyback as an Injury Prevention/Community Education Tool,, McPhedran, Samara, A Systematic Review of Quantitative Evidence About the Impacts of Australian Legislative Reform on Firearm Homicide,, McPhedran, Samara, An Evaluation of the Impacts of Changing Firearms Legislation on Australian Female Firearm Homicide Victimization Rates,, McPhedran, Samara, and Jeanine Baker, Mass Shootings in Australia and New Zealand: A Descriptive Study of Incidence,, McPhedran, Samara, and Jeanine Baker, Lethal and Non-Lethal Violence Against Women in Australia: Measurement Challenges, Conceptual Frameworks, and Limitations in Knowledge,, Mercy, James A., Robin Ikeda, and Kenneth E. Powell, Firearm-Related Injury Surveillance: An Overview of Progress and the Challenges Ahead,. Public Law 104-208, Section 658, Gun Ban for Individuals Convicted of a Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic Violence, 1996. As of August 23, 2022: Wilson, Jonathan, Jr., and Kyle Sammin, Should Philadelphia Continue Gun Buybacks? The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (the Brady Act), which went into effect in 1994, imposed a five-day waiting period for handguns purchased from licensed dealers in states without robust procedures for conducting background checks. The legal process involved to let you legally buy a firearm is quite easy to follow. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 38, Section 1.218, Security and Law Enforcement at VA Facilities. And on that happy note, were done! The state of Ohio treats antique and replica firearms the same as any other firearm, which means all the rules on purchasing and owning them apply just the same as they do any modern gun. B. Hackman, Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership,. In addition, it is unclear whether extending the time to complete background checks would reduce mass shootings. Complex criminal defense situations usually require a lawyer, Defense attorneys can help protect your rights, A lawyer can seek to reduce or eliminate criminal penalties. No permit is required to buy a handgun in Ohio, and there is no waiting period between when you pay for the handgun and when you can take it home with you. Stat. A full discussion on Waiting Periods is here . Ideally, the effects of waiting periods would be studied among those populations most directly affected. U.S. Knight, Brian, State Gun Policy and Cross-State Externalities: Evidence from Crime Gun Tracing,, Knittel, Christopher R., and Ryan Sandler, The Welfare Impact of Second-Best Uniform-Pigouvian Taxation: Evidence from Transportation,, Knopov, Anita, Michael Siegel, Ziming Xuan, Emily F. Rothman, Shea W. Cronin, and David Hemenway, The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide Rates Among Black and White Populations in the United States, 19912016,, Kochanek, Kenneth D., Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Elizabeth Arias, Deaths: Final Data for 2017,, Koehler, J. J., The Influence of Prior Beliefs on Scientific Judgments of Evidence Quality,, Kolla, B. P., S. S. OConnor, and T. W. Lineberry, The Base Rates and Factors Associated with Reported Access to Firearms in Psychiatric Inpatients,, Koo, Denise, and Guthrie S. Birkhead, Prospects and Challenges in Implementing Firearm-Related Injury Surveillance in the United States: Not a Flash in the Pan,, Kopel, D. B., Background Checks for Firearms Sales and Loans: Law, History, and Policy,. 1536, enacted November 30, 1993), often referred to as the Brady Act or the Brady Bill, is an Act of the United States Congress that mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States, and imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until the . There is generally no waiting period before you can purchase guns. A more recent analysis of handgun owners in California found that the risk of firearm suicide was highest immediately following the end of the state's ten-day waiting period (i.e., 11 to 30 days after the purchase application), but more than half of all firearm suicides among handgun owners occurred more than one year after the purchase application (Studdert et al., 2020). Sakinofsky, Isaac, Repetition of Suicidal Behavior, in K. Hawton and K. P. van Heeringen, eds., Sale, Elizabeth, Michelle Hendricks, Virginia Weil, Collin Miller, Scott Perkins, and Suzanne McCudden, Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM): An Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention Means Restriction Training Program for Mental Health Providers,, Salhi, Carmel, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Patterns of Gun Owner Beliefs About Firearm Risk in Relation to Firearm Storage: A Latent Class Analysis Using the 2019 National Firearms Survey,, Salhi, Carmel, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Parent and Adolescent Reports of Adolescent Access to Household Firearms in the United States,, Saltzman, Linda E., and Robin M. Ikeda, Recommended Data Elements for Firearm-Related Injury Surveillance,, Saltzman, Linda E., James A. Mercy, Patrick W. OCarroll, Mark L. Rosenberg, and Philip H. Rhodes, Weapon Involvement and Injury Outcomes in Family and Intimate Assaults,, Sanders, Nathan E., and Victor Lei, The Role of Prior Information in Inference on the Annualized Rates of Mass Shootings in the United States,, Santaella-Tenorio, J., M. Cerd, A. Villaveces, and S. Galea, What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries?, Santhanam, Laura, Two-Thirds of Black Americans Dont Trust the Police to Treat Them Equally. Heres a list of the best gun shops in Ohio. For the most up-to-date information on US gun laws, please refer to the Giffords . That means that a person who purchases a gun from a private seller can take immediate possession of the gun. Ohio imposes no waiting period between the time of purchase and the actual physical transfer of a firearm [Editor's note: The Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence regularly updates its webpages with new data as US gun regulation evolves state by state. Cook, Philip J., Harold A. Pollack, and Kailey White, Cook, P. J., H. A. Pollack, and K. White, The Last Link: From Gun Acquisition to Criminal Use,, Cook, Philip J., Ariadne E. Rivera-Aguirre, Magdalena Cerd, and Garen Wintemute, Constant Lethality of Gunshot Injuries from Firearm Assault: United States, 20032012,, Cordner, G., and E. P. Biebel, ProblemOriented Policing in Practice,, Corrigan, P. W., and A. C. Watson, Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the Frequency of Violent Behavior in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders,, Corsaro, N., More Than Lightning in a Bottle and Far from Ready-Made,, Cox, Georgina R., Christabel Owens, Jo Robinson, Angela Nicholas, Anne Lockley, Michelle Williamson, Yee Tak Derek Cheung, and Jane Pirkis, Interventions to Reduce Suicides at Suicide Hotspots: A Systematic Review,. Over 900 firearm homicides could be prevented each year if every state implemented waiting periods. This doctrine, which got a lot of attention from the Trayvon Martin shooting in 2012, basically says that if you are outside your home, but somewhere you are legally allowed to be, you do not have to retreat to safety and can use deadly force to defend yourself. I may earn a small part of the sale from links to any products or services on this site. As of October 20, 2019: National Conference of State Legislatures, Fiscal Affairs Program. Schaechter, Judy, Guns in the Home, HealthyChildren.org, last updated June 2, 2021. Rosenfeld, Richard, Gun Buy-Backs: Crime Control or Community Mobilization, in Martha R. Plotkin, ed., Rosenfeld, R., and R. Fornango, The Impact of Police Stops on Precinct Robbery and Burglary Rates in New York City, 20032010,, Rosenfeld, R., R. Fornango, and E. Baumer, Did Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile Reduce Homicide?, Rosengart, M., P. Cummings, A. Nathens, P. Heagerty, R. Maier, and F. Rivara, An Evaluation of State Firearm Regulations and Homicide and Suicide Death Rates,, Roskam, Kelly, and Vicka Chaplin, The Gun Violence Restraining Order: An Opportunity for Common Ground in the Gun Violence Debate,. Just because you are allowed to use deadly force doesnt mean you have to. Page, Chapter III: Reporting the Review, in Julian P. T. Higgins, James Thomas, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew Page, and Vivian Welch, eds.. Cunningham, Scott, Callaway and SantAnna DD Estimator: A Story of Differential Timing and Heterogeneity, Scotts Substack, March 8, 2021. Licensed sellers require background checks for the legal sale of weaponry. If you want to ensure your ownership of a gun does not violate the law, or if you charged with a gun offense, you should speak with an experiencedcriminal defense attorney in Ohio. Some people opt to buy guns from gun exhibits to escape the process of background checking from legal dealers. Is A Permit Required To Purchase A Gun In Ohio? 134-2(e) (1991); 720 Ill. Comp. Kleck, Gary, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Mark E. Schaffer, Kleck, G., and E. B. Patterson, The Impact of Gun Control and Gun Ownership Levels on Violence Rates,, Klieve, Helen, Michael Barnes, and Diego De Leo, Controlling Firearms Use in Australia: Has the 1996 Gun Law Reform Produced the Decrease in Rates of Suicide with This Method?, Klieve, H., J. Sveticic, and D. De Leo, Who Uses Firearms as a Means of Suicide? As of September 6, 2019: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Data Collection: National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), webpage, 2017a. You also must not have a history of resisting arrest for 10 years before application. However, there are more Ohio gun laws concerning carrying firearms than just owning them. See Fla. Stat. The state and federal laws on buying firearms are a bit byzantine. U.S. Department of Justice, Commentary for Extreme Risk Protection Order Model Legislation, Washington, D.C., June 7, 2021. Suicide and Emotion Dysregulation Lab, Mississippi Gun Storage Map, webpage, undated. Ohio gun control laws prohibit certain weapons while restricting gun purchases and ownership by certain individuals. A. Braga, and M. E. OBrien, Azrael, Deborah, Joanna Cohen, Carmel Salhi, and Matthew Miller, Firearm Storage in Gun-Owning Households with Children: Results of a 2015 National Survey,, Azrael, Deborah, Philip J. Cook, and Matthew Miller, State and Local Prevalence of Firearms Ownership Measurement, Structure, and Trends,, Azrael, Deborah, Lisa Hepburn, David Hemenway, and Matthew Miller, The Stock and Flow of U.S. Firearms: Results from the 2015 National Firearms Survey,. Roberts, Darryl W., Intimate Partner Homicide: Relationships to Alcohol and Firearms,, Roberts, John M., Jr., Aki Roberts, and Tim Wadsworth, Multiple Imputation for Missing Values in Homicide Incident Data: An Evaluation Using Unique Test Data,, Robinson, Jo, Lay San Too, Jane Pirkis, and Matthew J. Spittal, Spatial Suicide Clusters in Australia Between 2010 and 2012: A Comparison of Cluster and Non-Cluster Among Young People and Adults,, Robinson, Lucas, Watch Now: Gun Buyback Was Virtue Signaling, GOP Dane County Sheriff Candidate Says,, Rockett, Ian R. H., Eric D. Caine, Steven Stack, Hilary S. Connery, Kurt B. Nolte, Christa L. Lilly, Ted R. Miller, Lewis S. Nelson, Sandra L. Putnam, Paul S. Nestadt, and Haomiao Jia, Method Overtness, Forensic Autopsy, and the Evidentiary Suicide Note: A Multilevel National Violent Death Reporting System Analysis,, Rockett, Ian R. H., Nestor D. Kapusta, and Jeffrey H. Coben, Beyond Suicide: Action Needed to Improve Self-Injury Mortality Accounting,, Rodway, Cathryn, Sandra Flynn, David While, Mohammed S. Rahman, Navneet Kapur, Louis Appleby, and Jenny Shaw, Patients with Mental Illness as Victims of Homicide: A National Consecutive Case Series,, Roeder, Oliver, The Phrase Mass Shooting Belongs to the 21st Century,, Rogers, William H., Regression Standard Errors in Clustered Samples,, Roman, C. G., N. W. Link, J. M. Hyatt, A. Bhati, and M. Forney, Assessing the Gang-Level and Community-Level Effects of the Philadelphia Focused Deterrence Strategy,, Roman, John, Do Stand Your Ground Laws Worsen Racial Disparities?, Romero, Michael P., Garen J. Wintemute, and Jon S. Vernick, Characteristics of a Gun Exchange Program, and an Assessment of Potential Benefits,, Roncek, D. W., and P. A. Maier, Bars, Blocks, and Crimes Revisited: Linking the Theory of Routine Activities to the Empiricism of Hot Spots,. 790.0655(1)(a); 720 Ill. Comp. Which states have waiting periods for gun purchases? Suicide Decedents in 20052010 Who Had Received Mental Health Treatment,, Niforatos, Joshua D., Alexander R. Zheutlin, and Richard M. Pescatore, Public Interest in Gun Control in the USA,, Noar, Seth M., Christina N. Benac, and Melissa S. Harris, Does Tailoring Matter? As of June 26, 2020: Gun Violence Archive, Mass Shootings, webpage, undated-b. You might want a nice safe to keep all your new toys, though. NRA-ILA | Waiting Periods Although federal law protects your right to own a firearm, state-specific gun laws still apply. Smucker, Sierra, Max Griswold, Amanda Charbonneau, Rose Kerber, Terry L. Schell, and Andrew R. Morral, Smucker, Sierra, Rose E. Kerber, and Philip J. Cook, Suicide and Additional Homicides Associated with Intimate Partner Homicide: North Carolina 20042013,. As of August 17, 2022: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Expanded Homicide Data Table 8: Murder Victims, by Weapon, 20152019, webpage, Crime in the United States 2019, 2020b. CCW permit is Ohio has a processing period of forty-five days Additional Resources Ohio Gun Laws Ohio Open Carry Laws Ohio Gun Permit Laws Willinger, Andrew, New Yorks Response to Bruen: The Outer Limits of the Sensitive Places Doctrine, Duke Center for Firearms Law, blog, July 13, 2022. Lessons from a Campbell Review of Focused Deterrence,, Braga, Anthony A., David Weisburd, and Brandon Turchan, Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence,, Braga, Anthony A., and Garen J. Wintemute, "Improving the Potential Effectiveness of Gun Buyback Programs,", Braga, Anthony A., Garen J. Wintemute, Glenn L. Pierce, Philip J. Cook, and Greg Ridgeway, Interpreting the Empirical Evidence on Illegal Gun Market Dynamics,, Braga, A. When it comes to gun purchases, just 9 states and D.C. have waiting As of October 25, 2017: Gun Violence Archive, Past Summary Ledgers, webpage, updated August 18, 2022. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonfatal Injury Reports, 20012014, WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., March 28, 2013. Handgun waiting periods reduce gun deaths | PNAS Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. Heres a. Third, waiting periods provide law enforcement agencies with additional time to complete background checks that sometimes cannot be completed within the three-day window provided by the federal law. When a buyer is determined to have been a prohibited possessor and has taken possession of a firearm, the NICS alerts ATF, which is successful in recovering the weapon in the vast majority of cases (e.g.,116 of the 125 examined by the Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice [2016]). As of December 6, 2021: Hureau, David M., and Anthony A. Braga, The Trade in Tools: The Market for Illicit Guns in High-Risk Networks,, Ilgen, M. A., K. Zivin, R. J. McCammon, and M. Valenstein, Mental Illness, Previous Suicidality, and Access to Guns in the United States,, Imai, Kosuke, and In Song Kim, On the Use of Two-Way Fixed Effects Regression Models for Causal Inference with Panel Data,. As of July 26, 2019: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WISQARS: Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System, web tool, last updated July 1, 2020. He is a firm believer in the freedom of exercising constitutional rights, and that includes the right of every law-abiding citizen to own and carry a gun. Criminal Justice Information Services Division, National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Section: Active Records in the NICS Indices as of December 31, 2021, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, December 31, 2021. Public Law 116-94, Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, December 23, 2019. Evaluating Rationale for Participation in Gun Buybacks as a Tool to Encourage Higher Yields,, Kaufman, Elinore J., Christopher N. Morrison, Erik J. Olson, David K. Humphreys, Douglas J. Wiebe, Niels D. Martin, Carrie A. Sims, Mark H. Hoofnagle, C. William Schwab, Patrick M. Reilly, and Mark J. Seamon, Universal Background Checks for Handgun Purchases Can Reduce Homicide Rates of African Americans,, Kaufman, Elinore J., Douglas J. Wiebe, Ruiying Aria Xiong, Christopher N. Morrison, Mark J. Seamon, and M. Kit Delgado, Epidemiologic Trends in Fatal and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries in the US, 20092017,, Kawaguchi, Hideaki, and Soichi Koike, Association Between the Density of Physicians and Suicide Rates in Japan: Nationwide Ecological Study Using a Spatial Bayesian Model,, Kegler, Scott R., Thomas R. Simon, Marissa L. Zwald, May S. Chen, James A. Mercy, Christopher M. Jones, Melissa C. Mercado-Crespo, Janet M. Blair, Deborah M. Stone, and Phyllis G. Ottley, Vital Signs: Changes in Firearm Homicide and Suicide RatesUnited States, 20192020,, Keller, Thomas Christoph, ABCs and AR-15s: Arming Arkansass Teachers,, Kellermann, Arthur L., and Frederick P. Rivara, Silencing the Science on Gun Policy,, Kellermann, A. L., F. P. Rivara, G. Somes, D. T. Reay, J. Francisco, J. G. Banton, J. Prodzinski, C. Fligner, and B. Cohen, Amy P., Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Rate of Mass Shootings Has Tripled Since 2011, Harvard Research Shows,. Duwe, Grant, The Patterns and Prevalence of Mass Public Shootings in the United States, 19152013, in Laura C. Wilson, ed., Duwe, Grant, Patterns and Prevalence of Lethal Mass Violence,, Duwe, Grant, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Carlisle E. Moody, The Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings,, Eck, J. E., and W. Spelman, Who Ya Gonna Call?
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